This issue of the journal focuses on “Drug Resistance” – both microbial and non microbial. Discovery of antibacterials has been an epoch of the 19th /20th centuries. Development of resistance to antibacterial by the microbes has been the major realization of the mid, late 20th & 21st century. The reason for this is not difficult to discern. Indiscriminate, inadvertent and inappropriate use of antibacterial has led to microbial drug resistance. A review article describes the mechanism of microbial drug resistance.

Dental caries and fluorosis are the two common childhood oral diseases which are attributed to variations in exposure to fluorides. Epidemiological studies have shown the prevalence of dental caries and fluorosis in India. There is a lack of evidence to show the impact of these conditions on the quality of life of children in India. Hence the aim of this study is to assess the impact of dental caries and dental fluorosis on the quality of life of 12 year old children in Tamil Nadu, India.

Schwannomas are benign slow growing tumors arising from Schwann cells that sheath the nerves. They can occur anywhere in the body, but generally found arising from cranial or spinal nerve roots. A rare case of 32 year old man presenting with a swelling in the left costal region diagnosed clinically as a benign soft tissue swelling is reported here. A possibility of intercostal nerve schwannoma was suspected on imaging and confirmed by histopathology following surgical resection.

Neonatal Cholera is one of the rare clinical presentations. Occurrence of cholera in a new born reflects the poor hygienic condition of the family and bad child rearing practices. As therapy is primarily aimed in treating this particular condition, the broader perspective is to impress upon the population about hazards of bottle feeding and good hygienic measures.

Aggressive periodontitis (AgP) comprises a group of rare, often severe, rapidly progressive form of periodontitis mostly characterized by an early age of clinical manifestation and a distinctive tendency for cases to aggregate in families. Supernumerary teeth are an important cause of dental retention. Multiple supernumerary teeth without a syndrome is rare. Most of such cases are found in association with syndromes such as Gardner's syndrome, cleidocranialdysostosis and cleft lip and palate. It has been reported that the prevalence for non-syndrome multiple supernumerary teeth is less than 1%.We describe here, a case of a 20 year old patient presenting with multiple impacted supernumerary teeth with aggressive periodontitis, which is a unique presentation in the absence of any syndrome.

Lately nanotechnology is acquiring interest with rapid pace in biomedical sciences. This growing interdisciplinary field provides enormous technological platform for application in several areas like molecular diagnosis, imaging, nano-based therapeutics etc,.

Introduction of anaesthesia only emboldened these surgeons to become even more adventurous. Undistracted by screams of agony, they performed some truly gruesome surgery.

We may soon be facing the end of the “antibiotic era.” The initial and seemingly unstoppable success of antibiotics, the fruit of human ingenuity, has been countered by an escalation of resistance mechanisms in bacteria. This crisis has been described as an “unwinnable war.” The statistics compiled as a result of surveillance efforts illustrate the emergence of many genera of bacteria that are resistant to all antibiotics.

When we think, talk or discuss about drug resistance we always refer to microbial drug resistance and it is the greatest challenge to mans’ health. Of course it is one of the iatrogenic complications occurred mostly due to medication errors. It is natural for the microbes to learn to survive in the presence of its offenders. But are microbes alone capable of resisting the battle of drugs? It seems not. Every cell whether it is microbial or non microbial, human or non human, tries to protect itself against threats.

Global threat of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a big challenge which has to be tackled at the earliest. The use of antimicrobials, improved sanitation and vaccination has reduced the incidence of infectious disease mortality1 . In the present day while more and more microbial resistance is being reported, the pharmaceutical companies are not showing interest in research to develop newer antimicrobials. This may lead us to “preantibitotic era” with no antibiotic available to manage the infections2. India has been named to be the source of NDM-1(NewDelhi Mettalobetalactamase) producing super bugs which has created a panic among the health care industry3 . This has increased the awareness of strict infection control and antibiotic stewardship across the country and the globe.

The Eukaryotic cell has a very dynamic machinery that performs specialised functions in the system. This cell has highly organised compartments that perform various cellular activities. One of the central activities of the cell is Protein Synthesis that is essential for the function and survival of the cell. More than 20,000 known protein-coding genes are present in the human genome. A cell at any given point of time produces numerous proteins. Each protein that is synthesised in the cell needs to be transported to its target compartment within the cell or to other cells.