This issue of the journal, besides the usual sections, carries a special section on “Obstructive sleep apnoea”. “An interview with a stalwart “highlights the meeting with Prof. V. Shantha, gynaecologist and oncologist, Magsaysay awardee and a doyen among cancer specialists in India.

To asses the correlation between follicular size and oocyte maturation status in assisted reproductive technology programs. Method : It was a prospective study done from September 2011 to May 2012 in the Department of Reproductive Medicine at a tertiary care hospital. Sixty patients undergoing assisted reproductive cycles either with agonist or antagonist protocol were included in this study. Follicles were subdivided into four arbitary groups according to their mean two dimension size, >21 mm, 16-20 mm, 12-15 mm and <12 mm. Microscopic examination of the follicular aspirates were performed by the embryologist.

Bone defects at mandibular alveolar crest level complicate the placement of dental implants in the ideal location. Surgical reconstruction using bone grafts allows implant fixation in an aesthetic and functional manner. We describe a patient with presence of Seibert class B ridge in relation to maxillary anteriors secondary to periodontal inflammatory processes. Reconstruction of the mandibular alveolar process was carried out using allograft (Bio-oss) simultaneously with placement of dental implants. One year post operatively considerable increase in the volume of bone was evident on CT scan in the augmented area. Good implant stability was achieved at 6 months and one year postoperatively following placement of the crown with no gingival deformation around the implants.

Today’s patients are more concerned about their physical appearance in which smile plays an integral role. Midline diastema is one of the common problem seen in either mixed, primary or permanent condition. Patient with these condition visit their dentist with high expectations to improve the appearance of the smile which elevates their self esteem in the society. So restorative dentist should diagnose and plan the treatment such that patient is satisfied with both functional and esthetic result of the restoration.

Edward Jenner was born on May 17, 1749, in Berkeley, Gloucestershire, England. He was the son of the Rev. Stephen Jenner, Vicar of Berkeley. Edward was orphaned at age 5 and went to live with his older brother. Edward developed a strong interest in science and nature in his early school days itself and this continued throughout his life. He apprenticed to a country surgeon and apothecary in Sodbury, near Bristol by the age of 13.

Obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) is a common disorder characterized by repetitive narrowing or collapse of the pharyngeal airway during sleep. The disorder is associated with major comorbidities including excessive daytime sleepiness and increased risk of cardiovascular disease. The underlying pathophysiology is multifactorial and may vary considerably between individuals. The primary objective of this article is to review the diagnosis, pathophysiology and treatment of OSA as well as several of the comorbidities commonly associated with the disorder.

Obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) is the most common type of Sleep Disordered Breathing seen in general population. It is characterized by 3 S- Snoring, Sleepiness, Significant other report of sleep apnoea episodes. In recent times it is gaining more attention from both clinician and patients because of its strong association with hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, coronary artery diseases, insulin resistance diabetes and depression.

Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is a common sleep related breathing disorder with high morbidity secondary to day time somnolence. The level of obstruction of airway classified by Fujita determines the intervention of the specialist. Both medical and surgical management have been in practice for OSAS. Medical management includes weight loss and CPAP. Surgical management pre dominantly includes oral and maxillofacial procedures. Combination of both yields good results.

Obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) is a sleep disorder which is increasing in prevalence in India1 . Obesity is the most common cause for OSA. Obesity is associated with a host of other comorbid illness due to the associated pathophysiologic abnormalities. The main victims of OSA and obesity are body metabolism, cardiovascular system (CVS), respiratory system (RS) and airway anatomy. Involvement of CVS and RS along with host of metabolic derangements and airway changes, and logistic of dealing with big patient makes anaesthetic management of morbidly obese patients different and difficult from non obese patients. As the association of OSA with obesity is common, it is difficult to dissociate the peri operative management of OSA and Morbidly obese (MO).

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a common disorder associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease and stroke. As it is strongly associated with known cardiovascular risk factors, including obesity, insulin resistance, and dyslipidemia, OSA is an independent risk factor for hypertension and has also been implicated in the pathogenesis of congestive cardiac failure, pulmonary hypertension, arrhythmias, and atherosclerosis. Inflammation and oxidative stress has been recently proposed in the pathophysiology of cardiovascular disease related to sleep apnea.The current standard treatment for OSA-nasal continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)-eliminates apnea and the ensuing acute hemodynamic changes during sleep. Long-term CPAP treatment studies have shown a reduction in nocturnal cardiac ischemic episodes and improvements in daytime blood pressure levels and left ventricular function. Despite the availability of effective therapy, OSA remains an under diagnosed and undertreated condition. A lack of physician awareness is one of the primary reasons for this deficit in diagnosis and treatment.

COPD is amongst the most common pulmonary disease and with the increasing diagnosis of SDB; it is prudent to give attention to their co-existence which is denominated as “Overlap Syndrome”. Recent epidemiological data suggest prevalence of Sleep Apnea Hypopnea Syndrome (SAHS) is not higher in COPD than in general population, and that the coexistence of the two conditions is due to chance and not via any genetic-patho-physiologic linkage. This combination has important implications for diagnosis, treatment and outcome. Patients with overlap have more profound sleep related oxygen desaturation events; have an increased risk of developing hypercapnic respiratory insufficiency and pulmonary arterial hypertension as compared to COPD patients alone. Therapy of overlap syndrome consists of Positive Airway Pressure ventilation (PAP) or Non Invasive Ventilation (NIV), with or without associated nocturnal oxygen. Patients who are markedly hypoxemic during daytime (PaO2 < 55 -60 mmHg) benefit with long term oxygen therapy (LTOT) in addition to NIV.

The chronic debilitating Obstructive Sleep Apnoea (OSA or OSAS) syndrome in adults is now increasingly recognized in children. OSA was described nearly a century ago but sleep apnoea in infants was first described in 1975 in relation to sudden infant death syndrome and OSA in school children was described in 1976. It is a disorder of breathing during sleep characterized by “prolonged partial upper airway obstruction and or intermittent complete obstruction that disrupts normal ventilation during sleep and normal sleep patterns”.

An average human body is made up of about 50 trillion cells. All of them are derived from the multiplication and progressive differentiation of a single fertilized ovum. The ovum and its immediate descendants (up to the stage of 8 cell embryo) are pluripotent, capable of differentiating into every cell in the body. Their descendants, however, mature and differentiate into more and more specialized cells performing unique but limited functions that help in the survival of the organism.